Understanding Uterine Artery Embolisation Benefits and Risks

sarfraz ahmad
2 days ago
4 min read

Uterine artery embolisation (UAE) is a minimally invasive procedure used to treat uterine fibroids and other related conditions. For many women, it offers an alternative to surgery, promising relief from symptoms with a shorter recovery time. But like any medical treatment, UAE comes with both benefits and risks that deserve careful consideration. This article explores what uterine artery embolisation involves, its advantages, potential complications, and what patients can expect before and after the procedure.

Close-up view of a medical illustration showing uterine artery embolisation procedure — Illustration of uterine artery embolisation process

What Is Uterine Artery Embolisation?

Uterine artery embolisation is a procedure designed to block blood flow to uterine fibroids, which are noncancerous growths in the uterus. By cutting off their blood supply, the fibroids shrink and symptoms such as heavy bleeding, pelvic pain, and pressure improve.

During UAE, a radiologist inserts a thin catheter into an artery, usually in the groin, and guides it to the uterine arteries using imaging technology. Tiny particles are then released to block the arteries feeding the fibroids. This process reduces fibroid size and alleviates symptoms without removing the uterus.

Who Is a Candidate for UAE?

UAE is typically recommended for women who:

Have symptomatic uterine fibroids causing heavy bleeding, pain, or pressure
Wish to avoid major surgery like hysterectomy or myomectomy
Prefer a shorter recovery time
Do not plan to become pregnant soon (pregnancy after UAE is possible but carries risks)

Women with certain conditions such as active pelvic infections, suspected uterine cancer, or pregnancy are usually not candidates for UAE. A thorough evaluation by a specialist is essential to determine suitability.

Benefits of Uterine Artery Embolisation

UAE offers several advantages compared to traditional surgical options:

Minimally invasive: No large incisions are needed, reducing infection risk and scarring.
Shorter recovery: Most women return to normal activities within one to two weeks, much faster than after surgery.
Preserves the uterus: Unlike hysterectomy, UAE keeps the uterus intact.
Effective symptom relief: Studies show 85-90% of women experience significant improvement in bleeding and pain.
Outpatient procedure: Often performed in a hospital or clinic setting without overnight stay.
Lower complication rates: Compared to surgery, UAE has fewer risks related to anesthesia and blood loss.

For example, a 2019 study published in the Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology found that 88% of women treated with UAE reported symptom improvement at one year, with a low rate of serious complications.

What to Expect During the Procedure

UAE usually takes one to two hours and involves the following steps:

Preparation: Patients receive local anesthesia and mild sedation.
Catheter insertion: A small incision is made in the groin to access the femoral artery.
Guiding the catheter: Using X-ray imaging, the catheter is threaded to the uterine arteries.
Embolisation: Tiny particles are injected to block blood flow to fibroids.
Completion: The catheter is removed, and pressure is applied to stop bleeding.

Most patients feel some discomfort during and after the procedure, often described as cramping similar to menstrual pain.

Risks and Potential Complications

While UAE is generally safe, it carries some risks:

Post-embolisation syndrome: Fever, pain, nausea, and fatigue lasting a few days after the procedure.
Infection: Rare but serious infections may require antibiotics or surgery.
Non-target embolisation: Particles may block blood flow to healthy tissues, causing damage.
Premature ovarian failure: In rare cases, blood supply to the ovaries is affected, leading to early menopause.
Fibroid expulsion: Fibroids may pass through the cervix, causing pain or bleeding.
Need for additional treatment: Some women may require repeat UAE or surgery if symptoms persist.

A 2020 review in Obstetrics & Gynecology reported serious complications in less than 2% of cases, highlighting the procedure’s overall safety when performed by experienced specialists.

Recovery and Aftercare

Recovery after uterine artery embolisation varies but generally includes:

Pain management: Over-the-counter or prescribed painkillers help manage cramping.
Rest: Most women take a few days off work and avoid heavy lifting for a week.
Follow-up visits: Imaging tests and check-ups monitor fibroid shrinkage and symptom relief.
Symptom monitoring: Some bleeding or discharge is normal, but heavy bleeding or fever should prompt medical attention.

Patients often notice symptom improvement within weeks, with fibroids shrinking over several months.

Comparing UAE to Other Treatments

Women considering fibroid treatment often weigh UAE against other options:

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Choosing the right treatment depends on symptom severity, desire for future pregnancy, and personal preferences.

Important Considerations Before Choosing UAE

Before deciding on uterine artery embolisation, consider:

Discussing all treatment options with a gynecologist and interventional radiologist.
Understanding that UAE may not be suitable for very large fibroids or certain locations.
Knowing that pregnancy after UAE carries higher risks of complications such as miscarriage or preterm birth.
Being aware of the possibility of needing further treatment if symptoms return.

Final Thoughts on Uterine Artery Embolisation

Uterine artery embolisation offers an effective, less invasive option for women suffering from uterine fibroids. It provides symptom relief while preserving the uterus and allowing quicker recovery than surgery. Like any medical procedure, it involves risks that should be carefully weighed with a healthcare provider.

If you experience heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain, or pressure symptoms, consult a specialist to explore whether UAE fits your needs. Understanding the benefits and risks helps you make an informed choice about your health and quality of life. Taking this step can lead to significant improvement and a return to daily activities with less discomfort.